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Nivelle Offensive
The Nivelle Offensive in 1917, was a Franco-British offensive on the Western Front in the First World War. The French part of the offensive was intended to be strategically decisive, by breaking through the German defences on the Aisne within with casualties expected to be around A preliminary attack was to be made by the French Third Army at St. Quentin and the British First, Third and Fifth armies at Arras, to capture high ground and divert German reserves from the French fronts on the Aisne and in Champagne. The main offensive was to be delivered by the French on the Chemin des Dames ridge (the Second Battle of the Aisne フランス語:''La bataille du Chemin des Dames'' or フランス語:''Seconde bataille de l'Aisne''), with a subsidiary attack by the Fourth Army (the Third Battle of Champagne, the Battle of the Hills or "Battle of the Hills of Champagne"). The final stage of the offensive was to follow the meeting of the British and French armies, having broken through the German lines, with a pursuit of the defeated German armies towards the German frontier.
The Franco-British attacks were tactically successful; The French Third Army in フランス語:''Groupe d'armées du Nord'' captured the German defences west of the Hindenburg Line ドイツ語:''(Siegfriedstellung)'' near St. Quentin in attacks from before further attacks were repulsed. The British Third and First armies achieved the deepest advance since trench warfare began, in an offensive along the Scarpe river in the Battle of Arras, which inflicted many losses on the Germans, attracted reserves and captured Vimy Ridge to the north. The main French offensive on the Aisne began on 16 April and also achieved considerable tactical success. The attempt to force a strategically decisive battle on the Germans was a failure and by 25 April the main offensive was suspended.
The collapse of the Nivelle strategy and the high number of French casualties led to mutinies and the dismissal of Nivelle, his replacement by Pétain, and the adoption of a defensive strategy while the French army recuperated. Fighting known as the Battle of the Observatories continued for local advantage all summer on the Chemin des Dames and along the Moronvilliers heights east of Rheims. In late October the French conducted a limited-objective attack on the west end of the Chemin-des-Dames in the Battle of La Malmaison, which forced the Germans to retire across the Ailette valley.
== Background ==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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